(2 of 3) The most important method of “boosting the immune system” is proper vitamin D3 supplementation, to attain at least 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L = 1 part in 20,000,000 by mass) circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D. This is measured in “vitamin D” blood tests, but it is a separate molecule, with different functions from those of vitamin D3.
Skin-produced and ingested vitamin D3 cholecalciferol is hydroxylated, primarily in the liver, so that about 1/4 of it goes into circulation as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcifediol AKA “calcidiol”).
Many doctors think that, for average weight adults, a supplemental vitamin D3 intake of 15 to 25 micrograms (600 to 1000 IU) a day, on average, is sufficient for full health.
This is generally sufficient to raise the circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level to at least 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), which enables the kidneys to play their part in the feedback system which regulates calcium-phosphate-bone metabolism. They do this by responding to signaling from the parathyroid gland and osteocytes (bone cells) to maintain a low, stable, level of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D calcitriol - 0.05 to 0.1 ng/mL. This functions as a hormone - a long-distance, blood-borne, signaling molecule which affects the behavior of several cell types which are involved in this metabolism.
Unfortunately, most doctors and vitamin D researchers are not aware of 2014 research at Massachusetts General Hospital on the relationship between pre-operative 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of post-operative infections in 770 morbidly obese people who all underwent the same Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/1782085 discussed at https://vitamindstopscovid.info/00-evi/#00-50ngmL.
Patients with 50 ng/mL or more pre-operative 25-hydroxyvitamin D had a 2.5% risk of post-operative surgical site infections and a 2.5% risk of hospital-acquired infections. The further below 50 ng/mL the pre-operative 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was, the higher the risks. Those with 20 ng/mL had risks, of each of these two types of infection, of around 25%. This shows the immune response to these primarily bacterial infections weakened progressively with lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.
20 ng/mL is a common level for those who are not supplementing vitamin D3 properly and who have not had recent high-level ultraviolet B exposure on ideally white skin.
While those suffering from obesity have greater difficulty raising their circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, for any given vitamin D3 supply as a ratio of body weight, there is no reason to believe that they need higher levels to run their immune system properly. (Obesity reduces the rate of hydroxylation in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and because the excess adipose tissue absorbs 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D3: https://vitamindstopscovid.info/00-evi/#obesity- deficit. ) So it is reasonable to assume these observations are directly relevant to people not suffering from obesity.
There is a vast amount of research showing higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D, at least up to 50 ng/mL, lead to better health outcomes, including by stronger immune responses and better regulation of potentially self-destructive, indiscriminate cell-destroying, immune and auto-immune responses. See the research cited and discussed at: https://vitamindstopscovid.info/00-evi/.
Many types of immune cell require a good supply of 25-hydroxyvitamin D as a raw material to be used in their intracrine and paracrine signaling systems, which operate within individual cells (intracrine) and between nearby cells (paracrine). These systems are unrelated to hormonal signaling and do not significantly effect, or are affected by, the very low, stable, level of hormonal, circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
These signaling systems are crucial to the ability of individual cells to respond to their changing circumstances. Very few doctors or researchers are properly aware of these signaling systems, since there are no peer-reviewed tutorials explaining them. They are not complex, and all medical professionals need to understand them. My non-peer-reviewed tutorial is: Vitamin D intracrine signaling - illustrated tutorial (Also, incorrectly, referred to as Vitamin D based autocrine signaling.).